Let p be an odd prime and b a positive integer not divisible by p. Then for each positive odd
integer 
,
be
with 
,s. Then
where 
is the Legendre symbol.
Shanks, D. "Gauss's Criterion." §1.17 in Solved and Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, 4th ed. New York: Chelsea, pp. 38-40, 1993.
Eric W. Weisstein. "Gauss's Criterion."
From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/GausssCriterion.html
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