A generalization of Fermat's little theorem. Euler 
published a proof of the following more general
theorem in 1736. Let 
denote the totient function. Then
for all a relatively prime to n.
Chinese Hypothesis, Fermat's Little Theorem, Totient Function
Séroul, R. "The Theorems of Fermat and Euler." §2.8 in Programming for Mathematicians. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, p. 15, 2000.
Shanks, D. Solved and Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, 4th ed. New York: Chelsea, p. 21 and 23-25, 1993.
Eric W. Weisstein. "Euler's Totient Theorem."
From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/EulersTotientTheorem.html
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